懷抱即興與浪漫之二

::介紹六張手風琴專輯
前兩期〈爵士唱片的故事〉專欄中,特地介紹了爵士樂演奏中不是那麼熱門的樂器:長號與上低音薩克斯風。

這兩件樂器雖然不是那麼熱門,但在爵士樂的發展歷程中,由於特殊的音色或是與其他樂器互相輔佐的功能,至少還佔有一席之地。這一期要聊的主題,或許喜愛探戈(tango)音樂的朋友不會陌生,但是對於爵士樂迷來說則是真正冷門的樂器。它,就是手風琴。作為重要的民謠樂器,手風琴運作的原理並不複雜。演奏者將手風琴置於胸前,以雙手拉伸風箱的方式,讓流動的空氣震動簧片,透過按鍵來控制聲響。以樂器的構造來說,手風琴也是一種合奏的樂器,左邊的按鈕可以彈和弦,右邊的按鈕或琴鍵則可以彈主旋律。有人認為手風琴與中國古代的樂器「笙」類似,不過笙是以口吹,而手風琴則以手臂的力量來推拉風箱、鼓動簧片。由於手風琴攜帶十分方便,加上它雖然體積小,可是音量卻極宏大,聽覺滲透力很強,所以也有人將手風琴的演奏譽為「一人的交響樂團。」

台灣曾經有一位紀錄片導演賀照緹拍過一部關於手風琴的紀錄片《手風琴在路上》。賀導演本身也是一位業餘的手風琴手,為了拍攝這部紀錄片,她遠赴東歐與南美,紀錄手風琴流浪、遷徙的歷程。關於手風琴的演奏,賀導演曾經這樣感性地描述:「風箱的縐折,在左臂的擠壓後,發出嘶嘶的聲音,我覺得它是掛在我身上的另一個肺,它的呼吸進入了我的情緒,而不是進入我的血液。」

既然對於爵士樂來說,手風琴是如此冷門的樂器,為何它「適合」演奏爵士樂呢?雖然發出的聲響大不相同,不過手風琴手左彈和弦、右彈旋律的模式,與鋼琴手的演奏方式其實並沒有太大差異,都是可旋律可節奏,深具演奏彈性的樂器。以早期法國的「穆賽特」(musette)舞曲為例,它的核心樂器就是帶有強烈節奏感的手風琴。手風琴手在演奏時亦可拍打琴身強化節奏,在酒酣耳熱的派對中將舞曲帶至高潮。爵士樂與「穆賽特」舞曲相近的地方在於,兩者都是節奏性很強的音樂,只不過爵士樂會特別強調主旋律即興演奏,讓樂迷聽起來更具趣味和挑戰。而由於民謠樂手廣泛使用手風琴的緣故,以手風琴演奏的爵士樂,不免也帶著民謠或探戈音樂元素的影響。接下來推薦的專輯,除了第一與第二張專輯屬於比較「正統」的爵士樂之外,其餘的專輯都帶著濃厚的跨界(cross-over)色彩。


1. 席蒙‧贊奇尼與法蘭克‧馬洛可(Simone Zanchini & Frank Marocco),Be-bop Buffet(Wide Sound Jazz Production)
這張專輯由義大利的贊奇尼與美國的馬洛可合作演出。兩位都是享譽國際的手風琴手,演奏的則是以主流爵士樂(straight ahead Jazz)為主,從專輯名Be-bop Buffet(咆勃饗宴)就不難想像兩人所演奏的作品源自咆勃樂。沒聽過手風琴演奏爵士樂的朋友,大概很難想像兩台手風琴的合奏,究竟要怎麼表現既熱情又炫技的爵士樂?筆者打包票,聽過這張專輯之後,您應該可以消除「手風琴真的可以演奏爵士樂」的疑慮了!

贊奇尼與馬洛可都屬於全能型的手風琴手,兩人不但能演奏各種類型(古典、即興、流行)的音樂,也是知名樂團重要的伴奏樂手,更活躍於各大音樂節演出。這張專輯所收錄的曲目跨越了好幾種不同的爵士音樂類型,從菜鳥‧帕克膾炙人口的咆勃名曲「Yardbird Suite」、百老匯作曲名家Jerome Kern的經典歌謠「Yesterdays」、貝斯手Charlie Haden作的「Spanish Song」,二○年代鋼琴手「肥仔」‧華勒(Fats Waller)作的「Jitterbug Waltz」等,無論是傳統或現代爵士,贊奇尼與馬洛可詮釋起來毫不含糊,而他們的演奏技巧如此爐火純青,賦予每一首曲子活潑的新鮮感,令人耳目一新,值得推薦給所有的爵士樂迷!

2. 喬瓦尼‧米拉巴希與安德傑伊‧亞哥德辛斯基三重奏(Giovanni Mirabassi & Andrzej Jagodzi=ski Trio)同名專輯(澤野工房)
提到這張專輯,就一定得介紹發行廠牌—來自日本的「澤野工房」。澤野工房由傳統木屐店的老闆澤野由明創設於大阪。像澤野這樣出於對爵士樂的熱愛而自創廠牌的樂迷/蒐藏家,美國也有一位創設Bee Hive廠牌的燈具廠商Jim Neumann,只不過Bee Hive的規模遠不及「澤野工房」。澤野由明和弟弟念大學時都是狂熱的爵士樂迷,弟弟留學法國時,也曾到處尋覓罕見的歐洲夢幻逸盤。澤野由明後來創立了「澤野工房」,以發行歐陸爵士樂,特別是鋼琴三重奏專輯為主。

「澤野工房」最傲人的是它限量的復刻黑膠唱片,每一推出總造成國際網購市場炒作的轟動局面。近年來「澤野工房」積極引介歐陸爵士樂新秀給日本樂迷,而年輕英俊,原籍義大利的爵士鋼琴手喬瓦尼‧米拉巴希不但是其中翹處,也是澤野力推的實力派鋼琴手。Giovanni Mirabassi & Andrzej Jagodzi=ski Trio由波蘭籍手風琴名家亞哥德辛斯基組成的三重奏搭配米拉巴希的鋼琴演奏。表面看來,這張專輯似在凸顯米拉巴希演奏的浪漫風格,事實上卻是旗鼓相當的鋼琴--手風琴的即興二重奏。亞哥德辛斯基不但是波蘭赫赫有名的手風琴手,也是十分卓越的鋼琴家,筆者在youtube平台看過他的鋼琴演奏影像,靜謐深思、恬淡自得的典雅演奏,其實力並不亞於米拉巴希,或許也是澤野老闆下一波要主打的歐洲鋼琴家?

這張專輯最令人印象深刻的是第三軌「El pueblo unido jamas sera vencido」一曲。米拉巴希曾於鋼琴獨奏專輯Avanti!(原由法國Sketch廠牌發行,後轉移至「澤野工房」)中詮釋過,相當受到爵士樂迷喜愛。此次再度將拿手作品拿出來重新詮釋,配上亞哥德辛斯基深邃悠揚的手風琴音,少了點憂鬱,倒是多了點滄桑世故,味道很是深沈。

3. 吉安路基‧綽維希與吉安尼‧柯席亞(Gianluigi Trovesi & Gianni Coscia), Radici(EGEA records)
千禧年以後,義大利的爵士藝人掀起了一陣「移民潮」,紛紛離開原有的義大利廠牌,被挖角到歐洲第一大即興獨立廠牌ECM。出走名單裡包括了這張專輯裡的兩位主角,義大利重量級的爵士樂手:吹管手吉安路基‧綽維希與手風琴手吉安尼‧柯席亞。其中綽維希的「出走」在義大利樂壇掀起了一陣波瀾。綽維希是義大利現代爵士樂的指標性人物,才華洋溢、創作力旺盛的他,本來就有一定的國際知名度。部分人士甚至悲觀地認為,綽維希原來隸屬的廠牌(如EGEA)痛失大將,義大利本地的爵士唱片銷售將會受到影響。這兩三年來,EGEA的發行動作果然明顯地慢了下來(雖然其他小廠牌仍零星創立),不知ECM的挖角,是否真的已經產生了市場掠奪的效應?

其實綽維希在ECM發行的專輯較偏向現代音樂,聽起來帶著學院派的「拗口」,有點艱澀。筆者個人偏好他在義大利廠牌EGEA或德國廠牌Enja的演奏風格,結合地中海民謠與爵士即興,甚至還結合了早期紐奧良爵士的熱鬧演奏風格,聽起來活潑而有朝氣,從第一軌「Her Cab」,綽維希以單簧管刻意吹出高低音的反差,搭配柯席亞的手風琴,讓兩種樂器帶出調皮、熱鬧的律動感,可聽出Sydney Bechet對綽維希的影響。與綽維希搭配的手風琴手柯席亞本業為律師,後來出於對音樂的熱愛,全心投入了爵士樂即興演奏。柯席亞演奏的手風琴旋律深具渲染力,融合了爵士、民謠等音樂元素,帶著濃厚的草根氣息,即興功力也是一流,讓他成為EGEA廠牌的明星藝人之一。綽維希與柯席亞合作的專輯不少,這張二重奏作品Radici考驗兩人的默契與即興功力,可算是他們在EGEA廠牌的代表作之一。

4. 馬力歐‧阿卡利(Mario Arcari), Il viandante immaginario(EGEA records)
立志發揚地中海地區多元音樂風格的EGEA,是一個很難被歸類的廠牌。它的作品雖然有大量的即興片段,但與美國的爵士樂相比,少了藍調味,也缺乏樂迷熟悉的爵士和弦進行或曲式,倒是添加了不少中東、北非與吉普賽舞曲的音樂元素,最近幾年來甚至發行了幾張室內樂專輯,音樂風格之多變,也讓聆聽這個廠牌的作品更具挑戰性!

EGEA廠牌有趣之處,在於他的爵士藝人會使用北美現代爵士樂手不常使用的樂器,例如:單簧管或手風琴。單簧管曾在早期的爵士發展中佔有一席之地,但在大樂團全盛時期,由於聲量遠不及薩克斯風而逐漸被唱片市場遺忘。二次戰後雖然有少數樂手Jimmy Guiffre繼續發展單簧管的演奏風格,惟此位吹管好手已於今年四月去世,當今美國樂壇就只剩下Don Byron勉強作為單簧管樂手的代表。在歐洲,演奏單簧管的風氣不但比美國興盛,以這件古老樂器來探索前衛音樂的樂手亦不乏其人;法國的Michel Portal、Louis Sclavis、義大利的吉安路基‧綽維希都是箇中翹楚。部分單簧管好手雖然不走前衛風格,但仍然融合了深具地方特色的南歐民謠,其演奏聽起來也是令人耳目一新,例如Gabriele Mirabassi的作品。這裡所推薦的專輯Il viandante immaginario,係由單簧管好手馬力歐‧阿卡利領軍,搭配手風琴(Antonello Salis)、吉他(Armando Corst)、低音貝斯(Paolino Dalla Porta)與節奏樂器(Fulvio Maras)的五重奏專輯。

在這張專輯擔任手風琴演奏的Antonello Salis是一位無師自通的傳奇人物。七○年代曾經擔任許多搖滾樂團的「海夢」(Hammond)電風琴手。就像所有卓越的手風琴家一樣,Salis本身擅長演奏各式各樣的鍵盤,演奏風格十分多元化,舉凡流行、搖滾甚至是劇場音樂都難不倒他。Il viandante immaginario雖然沒什麼「正統」爵士味,不過樂器彼此之間的搭配很流暢,無論是單簧管、吉他或手風琴,都有紮實的即興表現,是一張好聽又順耳的跨界專輯。

5. 李察‧加理安諾與米榭‧波塔(Richard Galliano & Michel Portal), Blow Up (Dreyfus)
出生於南法坎城的李察‧加理安諾,原籍義大利,可能是當今最知名也是最好的爵士手風琴家。這兩年來加理安諾帶領名為「Tangaria」(探戈風潮)的樂團,以回歸阿根廷的探戈音樂為主,但加入大量的即興演奏,並與來自委內瑞拉的小提琴家Alexis Cardenes合作,活躍於各大爵士音樂節,獲得佳評如潮。加理安諾演奏的音樂並非是傳統的探戈舞曲。 他師承阿根廷手風琴大師Astor Piazolla,從旋律、和聲或節奏的角度徹底「翻修」南美與法國的庶民音樂(探戈、法國的穆賽特舞曲),賦予傳統曲目全新的面貌,甚至將之提昇至藝術境界。同樣也是國際知名的日籍手風琴家,為冰島歌手碧玉伴奏的小林靖宏(Yasuhira Kobayashi)曾經說道:「加理安諾改變了手風琴的歷史;現在談到手風琴音樂風格的分期,我們都是以加理安諾『之前』、『之後』來作劃分。」

其實,在錄製探戈音樂專輯之前,加理安諾重要的作品幾乎都是爵士樂專輯。就讀南法尼斯音樂學院時,年輕的加理安諾受到五○年代現代爵士樂手如Miles Davis或Clifford Brown的影響,以演奏爵士樂為志。一九九三年,加理安諾與法國知名的爵士廠牌Dreyfus簽約,和多位傑出的爵士藝人合作,錄製了一連串將他推到國際舞台的重要專輯,此時也是他個人創作的顛峰期,包含了本文推薦,與法國吹管手Michel Portal合作的二重奏專輯Blow Up。

九○年代的加理安諾,由於受到Astor Piazolla的精神感召,重新從南歐與南美通俗音樂裡尋找創作靈感,已經不是一個「純粹」的爵士樂手。然而,本來就具有深厚即興演奏實力的加理安諾,立足法國、放眼國際,將地方民俗音樂當成爵士樂裡的「標準曲」(standards)來加以發揮,產生了令人驚豔的效果,Blow Up就是這麼一張混和了爵士即興和探戈曲的經典作品。更令人驚奇的是,Michel Portal不僅擅長演奏各種管樂器,他也擅長演奏探戈舞曲中常用的bandoneon(另一種更難操作的手風琴),在第二軌的「Libertango」和第四
軌的「Little Tango」中與加理安諾進行熱情奔放的手風琴二重奏。如何區分Michel Portel的bandoneon和加理安諾的手風琴呢?讀者請仔細聆聽家裡的音響,以二、四軌為例,右邊的喇叭是宏亮而穿透力強的bandoneon,左邊的喇叭是聲音圓潤悠揚的accordian,其中一件手風琴主奏時,另一件手風琴就扮演節奏與和聲的角色,默契搭配相當順暢。

然而,在Blow Up專輯中,Michel Portel演奏bandoneon只是小菜而已。真正精彩之處,仍在於Potal以單簧管演奏個人作品「Mozambique」,或是以高音薩克斯風吹出Piazolla的作品「Oblivion」、以及帶著異國情調的「Viaggio」,搭配加理安諾的手風琴,時而抒情、時而激昂,整張專輯一路聽下來每首曲子各有千秋,都非常動聽。Blow Up不是一張尋常的爵士專輯,它代表著歐洲爵士樂手對於跨界音樂的想像,而這兩位卓越的樂手以純熟自然的手法探索了即興可能,呈現出音樂萬花筒的華麗繽紛感!


6. 艾斯托‧皮耶左拉與蓋瑞‧波頓(Astor Piazolla & Gary Burton), The New Tango:Suite for Vibraphone and New Tango Quintet(WEA)
領導二次戰後「新探戈」風潮(nuevo tango)的阿根廷手風琴大師皮耶左拉,徹頭徹尾地改造了探戈舞曲。具有深厚作曲、編曲功力的皮耶左拉對探戈的影響,就像艾靈頓公爵之於爵士樂,以自身絕佳的音樂品味及創作實力,將原本不登大雅之堂的通俗舞曲改造為藝術精品,且廣受樂迷歡迎。於是,在這些音樂大師的巧手編排之下,原本屬於下里巴人的探戈或爵士樂,從妓院和酒館轉移到了高尚的音樂廳。

New Tango是一張非常特別的專輯,它錄製於一九八六年瑞士蒙特婁爵士音樂節演出現場。這場音樂會由皮耶左拉主動邀請波頓合作,並特別針對波頓所演奏的電鐵琴譜曲,留給波頓寬廣的即興演奏空間。其實早在六○年代時,波頓就曾經跟隨薩克斯風手Stan Getz的樂團到布宜諾斯艾利斯演出,特地抽空跑去看皮耶左拉的表演,與這位音樂大師有數面之緣。

勇於嘗試,思維十分新潮的皮耶左拉,曾經與美國爵士薩克斯風手傑利‧穆利根(Gerry Mulligan)合作演出,也曾組成以插電樂器為主的爵士樂團,去世之前更曾與爵士弦樂團Kronos Quartet合作過,不過他最有名的「爵士」專輯,應該還是這張足以流傳後世的The New Tango:Suite for Vibraphone and New Tango Quintet。在這張專輯裡,我們可聽到皮耶左拉慣用的滑音演奏,搭配波頓慧黠、靈巧的電鐵琴音,製造出氣勢恢弘的演奏效果。在皮耶左拉去世之後,波頓陸續在Concord廠牌發行了幾張向他致敬的專輯,都很值得一聽!

在即興音樂的演奏圈裡,其實還有為數不少的手風琴手,例如:在ECM廠牌發行專輯,來自阿根廷的Dino Saluzzi、全才型的紐約大學音樂系教授Gil Goldstein、來自法國,將年輕人喜愛的電音與傳統的探戈音樂結合的「Gotan」(將tango一字顛倒)樂團,以及慣常和低音貝斯手Renaud Garcia-Fons,也是法國人的Jean-Louis Matinier。雖然都是演奏手風琴,但他們探索的音樂方向大不相同,下次若有機會再詳文介紹。

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