關於女性爵士樂手

前一陣子一名來自紐約的網友 John Verity,在 rec.music.bluenote上提出了一個非常有趣的問題, 就是在爵士樂界裡是否存在著性別歧視的問題?John 認為,如果想在爵士樂界出人頭地,女樂手一定要證明她的演奏技巧與創意比男性樂手強很多, 因為有些女性樂手常常被放在一個不等的天平來比較, 「以女性樂手的標準來說,她演奏的技巧已經算很好了,但是... 」等批評常常出自男性樂評人或男性樂手口中, 而卻忽略了女性樂手在爵士樂發展史上所扮演的重要角色。







John Verity討論的女性樂手(female jazz players),並不包含歌手(vocalists)。女性歌手與男性樂手同台演出,男性樂手伴奏,女性歌手穿著性感晚禮服登台駐唱,這是我們慣常的刻板印象。 作者想討論的, 是為甚麼女性的樂手 ( 以美國為例 ) 比例如此之低?這些排擠女性樂手的俱樂部老闆, 甚至男性的樂團領導人,他們對女性藝人的偏見與刻板印象,如何影響到女性樂手的生路?

有人回答, 進入職業演奏生涯的女性爵士樂手比例,與真正學習爵士樂的女性比例,應該是相差不多的。 因為接受爵士樂演奏教育的女性比例本來就偏低, 導致進入職業演奏圈的女性也低,因為缺乏顯著的角色典範, 所以女性樂手比例偏低的問題就像惡性循環一樣,伊於胡底,幾乎沒有有效解決的出路。
Annette Peacock
我想, 爵士圈內女性樂手比例偏低的問題絕非源自女性天生不適合演奏爵士樂,而是後天的社會制約的問題。 從音樂教育的角度來看,依照性別刻板印象分工的現象始終存在。 比如說,男生學吹管樂器,女生學鋼琴或其他弦樂器等。 演奏圈內也是存在著性別歧視問題,許多男性爵士藝人以組成 boys' club 自豪,無形中限制了女性的參與, 經濟不景氣的時候, 樂手彼此之間做激烈的競爭,女性樂手要進入像樣的俱樂部裡演奏更形困難。







著名的爵士藝人都曾經雇用過女性樂手。小號手Lious Armstrong曾與鋼琴手Edna Thomas於1919年在扭奧良的紅蔥頭咖啡廳(Red Onion Cafe)同台演出。鋼琴手Lil Hardin 與知名的樂團領導人King Oliver在芝加哥登台演出, 鋼琴手Lovie Austin與她所領導的Serenaders與藍調歌手Ida Cox,Kid Ory合作的錄音, 在當時被視為難得一見的佳作。

Lil Hardin與丈夫Lious Armstrong的在Hot Five中的合作關係可說是早期爵士演奏圈佳話。如果沒有 Lil 的鼓勵,Lious Armstrong 不會做出重大抉擇, 離開 King Oliver 的樂團而加入Fletcher Henderson的樂團,從而影響他的演奏生涯。Lil Hardin也是個優秀的作曲家、歌手兼鋼琴家,但是終其一生,Lil Hardin的才能始終不像 Lious Armstrong一樣大放光芒。

其他例子像樂團領導人Mary Lou Wiilliams,有人將她領導的樂團譽為是bebop樂風的先鋒者之一,與 Thelonius Monk,Bud Powell 等人齊名。知名的Alice McLeod,在嫁給John Coltrane之前,一直都是享有聲譽的鋼琴手,婚後也與 John Coltrane 合作過多張專輯。甚至在John Coltrane 去世之後,仍然積極地活躍於爵士樂的演奏圈之中,並與多位知名藝人合作。這些例子,說明了歷史上不乏優秀的女性爵士樂手,但是能夠真正成名,受到肯定者,並不多見。

以下是一串女性爵士樂手的名單,或有不完整之處,不過這些女性在鋼琴手方面的高比例,卻似乎說明了一件事情:音樂的確是受到性別分工與其他社會因素建構而成的。有志於音樂教育者,似乎可以更進一步思考如何解決這種性別刻板印象化對音樂發展的障礙。


女性爵士樂人一覽表--不含歌手

NON-VOCALIST WOMEN IN JAZZ (an assuredly incomplete list)

Irene Aebi
violin, cello, voice
Toshiko (Mariano) Akyoshi
piano, composer, arranger, bandleader
Alive
improvising women's quintet from S.F.
Geri Allen
piano
Jill Allen
woodwinds
Lil (Hardin) Armstrong
piano
Dorothy Ashby
harp
Lovie Austin
blues piano
Cindy Blackman
drums
Carla Bley
piano, organ, composer, arranger,
bandleader
Jane Ira Bloom
soprano sax, electronics
Karen Borca
bassoon, bass clarinet
Georgie Born
Voice, Keyboards (see FIG)
Joanne Brackeen
piano
Patti Bowen
piano
Carolyn Brandy
percussion
Jane Bunnett
soprano/alto saxes
Teri-Lynne Carrington
drums
Connie Carruthers (sp?)
piano (Tristano disciple)
Alice MacLeod Coltrane
piano, harp
Joanne Connor
blues guitar/bass
Lindsay Cooper
saxes, keyboards etc.
Marilyn Crispell
piano
Barbara Dennerlein
organ
Lorraine Desmarais
piano, synths
Dottie Dodgian
drums
Barbara Donald
trumpet
Dorothy Donegan
piano
Candy Dulfer
saxophone
Eliane Elias
piano
Sue Evans
percussion
FIG
Feminist Improvising Group, Brits org. by
Lindsay Cooper
Sue Foley
blues guitar
Eileen Folson
cello (see Uptowns)
Rebecca Coupe Franks
trumpet
Jill Fredericksen
drums
Lori Freedman
bass clarinet (Vancouver)
Sharon Freeman
french horn, composer/arranger
Laurie Frink
trumpet, flugelhorn
Terry Garthwaite
blues guitar
Lorraine Geller
piano
Jane Getz
piano
Barbara Higbie
piano, guitar, violin etc.
Jutta Hip
piano
Robin Holcomb
composer, piano, synths
Maartje ten Hoorn
violiN
Shirley Horn
piano, organ
Margie Hyams
vibes, piano
Petra Ilyes
bass guitar
International Sweethearts of Rhythm
40's women's band
Terry Jenoure
violin
Justine
reincarnation of Wondeurbrass from
Montreal
Jin He Kim
komungan (Korean koto)
Katerina Krimsky
piano
Joelle Leandre
bass
Marilyn Lerner
piano (Winnipeg)
Melba Liston
trombone, arranger
Ellen MacIllwaine
blues guitar
Karen Mantler
keyboard, harmonica
Marilyn Mazur
drums/percussion
Tania Maria
piano
Marian McPartland
piano
Myra Melford
piano
Naomi Millender
cello
Memphis Minnie
blues guitar
Ikue Mori
electronic/acoustic percussion
Kathryn Moses
flute, saxes
Diedre Murray
cello (the instrument of the 90's)
Amina Claudine Myers
piano, organ
Zeena Parkins
electric harp
Annette Peacock
composer, guitar, keyboards
Pauline Oliveros
accordian/electronics
Mary Osbourne
guitar
Elvira Plenar
piano
Queen Ida
zydeco accordian
Vi Redd
alto sax
Emily Remler
guitar
Maxine Roach
viola [see Uptowns]
Annemarie Roelofs
trombone, violin
Carolyn Romberg
saxes
Michelle Rosewoman
piano
Renee Rosnes
piano
Stacy Rowles
trumpet
Ellyn Rucker
piano
Ann Rupel (Curlew)
bass
Saffire-Uppitty Blues Women
blues trio (now duo)
Jane Sapp
blues piano
Maud Sauer
oboe
Maria Schneider
composer, conductor
Irene Schweizer
piano
Shirley Scott
organ
Melissa Slocum
bass
LaDonna Smith
violin
Valaida Snow
trumpet
Leni Stern
guitar
Peggy Stern
piano
Co Streiff
alto sax
Barbara Thompson
English reeds player, leads Paraphernalia
June Tyson
violin
Uptown String Quartet
women's string quartet
Mariette Rouppe van der Voort
alto sax
Katie Webster
blues/cajun piano
Kate Westbrook
tenor horn
Lily White
saxophone
Annie Whitehead
trombone
Jessica Williams
piano
Mary-Lou Williams
piano, composer, arranger
Wondeurbrass
women's improvising quintet from Quebec

留言

  1. 名單還沒細看,有看到韓國人一名(kim),日本人列出了秋吉敏子及Ikue Mori。沒有看到大西順子(Junko Onishi)-又是鋼琴,另外,提供兩個我曾在個德文網站看到的日籍樂手,她們的東西我還沒聽過就是,樂器方面,她們還是琴跟鋼琴。

    Miya Masaoka,koto(琴)
    Aki Takase(高瀬アキ), piano

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  2. 之前都是專心享受jazz music帶來的愉悅,很少想到這個問題。

    作者陳述出這個面向,似乎也點出觀眾心裡主觀意識的一種:總認為jazz歌手總是男性(像我就是 :P )

    但經過這篇文章,想必jazz愛好者會重新讓自己“公平一點“。^_^

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  3. To Timo,
    這文章至少是八年前寫的,後來也沒再更新過。女性樂手列表也是當時從網路上抓下來的。其實除了大西順子漏掉之外,相信還有不少遺珠。記得有一本書專講女性爵士樂手,好像號做「Stormy Monday」,臚列了不少美國活躍的女性樂手。
    現在活躍在樂壇的女性樂手是越來越多了,除了Aki Takese在德國之外,也有一名很前衛的Satoko Fuji(不知有無拼錯?),也有中國女性以國樂玩free jazz(還出了一張「飛龍」專輯),這我就真的不了了。
    再聊。
    小威

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  4. 親愛的小威老師~回老家一切都好嗎?

    Chieli不小心把要給你的CD放錯了,導致你那兒會有一張重複的John Hicks CD,真是不好意思呢~

    又,我最近剛開始在這個部落格貼一些Chieli的文章,但是,還是有許多功能不太會用,正在努力摸索中.....

    有空的話請幫我看看我弄的部落格,也請多給我們一點兒意見唷!
    http://blog.roodo.com/rigelarts/

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  5. Dear Josephine,
    睿智藝術的部落格弄得很不錯耶!版面清爽簡潔。
    有空在台北相聚囉!
    小威

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  6. 老師,
    那本書是叫《Stormy Weather:The Music and Lives of A century of Jazzwomen》, Linda Dahl©1984,本文共280頁,
    pp281-306附錄《More Women in jazz》
    pp307-354則為Discography
    洋洋大觀。
    咱有1本啦,下回見面,閣下帶回去參1下。

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  7. Waldorf pupils avoid clothing together with commercial images although attending school as it is annoying. It is also believed that mass media exposure be restricted as much as possible. With the goal of raising children to uncover the best self they may be, media is seen as a distraction and difference.

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